DOL Agrees RLA Does Not Preclude FRSA

The bogus "election of remedies" defense to Federal Rail Safety Act claims raised by railroads just took a major hit.  Yesterday the Department of Labor filed an appellate Brief confirming that a railroad worker who pursues a grievance or arbitration under the Railway Labor Act is not thereby precluded from simultaneously pursuing a FRSA whistleblower protection claim.  Noting that "retaliation and a violation of the CBA are not the same unlawful acts," the DOL's official position is that the FRSA's "election of remedies provision does not preclude a FRSA complaint where an employee has pursued a grievance and/or arbitration pursuant to the employee's collective bargaining agreement under the Railway Labor Act."  For the full decision, click here.  For some of the back story regarding this issue, click here.

PATH Hit With FRSA Punitive Damages

 

The first Federal Rail Safety Act complaint against the Port Authority Trans-Hudson railroad has resulted in an award of punitive damages. The fact pattern is familiar to any railroad worker.

Laura, a Signal Tester, was injured on duty due to defective equipment, and duly reported her injury. But instead of using the incident as an opportunity to identify and correct the root cause of the safety hazard (namely, why the railroad allowed the defective equipment to remain in use), PATH's Superintendent sent her a disciplinary charge letter alleging the injury was solely her fault. A typical "blame the victim and ignore the systemic cause" reaction by rail management that happens every day on railroads across the nation, and is a major reason why safety hazards persist.

But things have changed. The FRSA is in effect now, and with my help Laura stood up for her FRSA right to be protected from such retaliatory action. OSHA conducted a thorough investigation, and found that no one else was charged with any safety violations for allowing the defective equipment to remain in use, and that the Railroad could have investigated the circumstances of the incident without ordering the injured employee to face a disciplinary hearing. OSHA concluded that if Laura had not reported an injury, no charge letter would have been sent.

What is interesting here is that Laura did not actually attend any disciplinary hearing or suffer any discipline. She just received an initial charge letter. And OSHA ruled such conduct is a violation of the FRSA that must be remedied. To make Laura whole, OSHA ordered PATH to expunge her disciplinary records and pay punitive damages and attorney fees. Of particular interest is the empowering NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES the Railroad must post on all of its bulletin boards.

So here's to Laura! By standing up for her FRSA rights she is at the forefront of a grass roots movement of workers acting to correct the imbalance of power between rail labor and management.

Rail Labor Works Together To Strengthen FRSA

When rail labor works together, good things happen. Case in point: a critical meeting last September 15th with the Department of Labor regarding the true meaning of "election of remedies" under the Federal Rail Safety Act (FRSA) is now bearing fruit.

In early September, the DOL appeared headed toward accepting rail management's argument that an employee's participation in the Railway Labor Act (RLA) process constitutes an irrevocable "election of remedies" barring the employee from the protections of the FRSA. However, the DOL asked to hear rail labor's point of view, and invited a few rail labor attorneys to attend a September 15th summit to discuss the issue.

As the attorney who first weighed in on this issue and was set to try the first FRSA cases in November, the DOL asked me to attend. What happened next illustrates the power of working together. BMWED Director of Safety Rick Inclima and St. Paul rail labor attorney Charlie Collins reached out to the invitees, urging us to coordinate our efforts for maximum effect and offering the IBT's Headquarters as a location for us to meet beforehand. And coordinate we did. In addition to Rick and Charlie, Jim Farina and Steve Garmisa showed up from Hoey & Farina in Chicago, as did San Diego rail labor atorney Harry Zanville and UTU Associate General Counsel Kevin Brodar from Cleveland.

We put our heads together. Our challenge was to convince the DOL that the FRSA and the RLA exist on separate parallel tracks with neither one excluding the other. To do that, we had to explain the very real practical differences between the RLA process and the whistleblower protections of the FRSA. It was agreed I would kick off the discussion, and that afternoon we met with high level personnel from the DOL's Solicitor General Office and Directorate of Enforcement Programs.

We had an intense back and forth for over two hours. I opened it up by pointing out that the purpose of the FRSA is to change rail management's culture of retaliation, and the way to do that is to allow the FRSA to operate independently of the RLA. By the end of the meeting I believe we were able to open up DOL's eyes to the fact that RLA proceedings simply do not address or remedy whistleblower retaliation, and that the interpretation sought by rail management would eviscerate the FRSA and return us to the unacceptable status quo before Congress enacted the FRSA.

Now it appears our efforts are bearing fruit. The DOL's Assistant Secretary for OSHA just asked to file an amicus appeal brief with the Administrative Review Board on the issue of "election of remedies," and the BMWED put out a Press Release noting the tide has turned. The sense we are getting is that OSHA now is directing its Whistleblower investigators to conduct their FRSA investigations regardless of any RLA proceedings. And so, thanks to the cooperative efforts of rail labor, the FRSA and RLA will forever operate on separate parallel tracks, where they belong.

BMWED President Freddie Simpson said it best in his Press Release: "Railroads will no longer be able to retaliate against railroad employees who report injuries and safety violations with impunity. This is a substantial victory for all of Rail Labor and every rail worker nationwide, and I am proud that BMWED led the way to this important victory." And to that I can only add, "Amend brother!"

FRSA Overturns Retaliation for Reporting an Injury

Here's another example of what happens when a railroad tries to blame an injured worker instead of taking responsibility for the workplace culture that caused the injury in the first place. Declaring "An employer does not have the right to retaliate against its employees who report work-related injuries," OSHA's Whistleblower Office ordered two Illinois railroads to pay over $80,000 in back wages, compensatory damages, and attorney's fees to a former worker who reported an injury and then was subjected to a railroad "investigation" that resulted in his termination. Click here for OSHA's press release, and click here for the full text of the Federal Rail Safety Act that shields employees from such retaliation.

Judge Rules ALL Railroads Subject to FRSA Punitive Damages!

 Metro North Railroad's attempt to exempt itself from punitive damages under the Federal Rail Safety Act has failed. In a case of first impression, an ALJ has just ruled that ALL railroads--including publicly owned commuter railroads--are subject to the FRSA's punitive damage remedy. Plus, the ALJ is requiring Metro North Railroad to go through the past 196 injuries it reported to the FRA and produce documents confirming any discipline initated against the employees who reported those injuries. Why? Because when "determining whether punitive damages are warranted . . . prior similar acts may be important in determining whether a wrongdoer's conduct was reprehensible and thus subject to punitive damages." This is a major step forward in ensuring the protection of railroad workers who report injuries or safety concerns. To read the ALJ's detailed and well-reasoned decision, click here, and to see OSHA's earlier ruling regarding my four clients,click here.

The Fatal Consequences of Railroad Retaliation

Here's a true story that should give any railroad supervisor pause. The fact is, you never know where an act of retaliation will lead. After you commit an act of retaliation, you simply can not control how it reverberates in people's lives. And while all retaliation hurts, it can kill as well. It's like a felony-murder: when in the course of a robbery someone gets unforseeably killed, the robber is still guilty of murder even though he never intended anyone to die.

Case in point. A notorious Metro North supervisor with a long history of abusing his authority decided to humiliate one of his electricians in front of his gang. Why? Because the worker was taking FMLA leave to be with his wife for the birth of their baby and to help her during the weeks thereafter.

The electrician complained to Metro North's Workforce Diversity Department, who commenced an investigation. In response, the supervisor proceeded to retaliate against the worker by improperly abolishing his job and then refusing to allow him to transfer into a different district, trapping him. The public humiliation and the cumulative abuse was the last straw that broke the worker's emotional equilibrium. He felt his choice was to return to work and "go postal" when he saw the supervisor again, or to give up his railroad career. He chose to avoid violence and resign (the law calls that a "constructive discharge" because the railroad made his work life so intolerable it forced his resignation).

The problem is, he then lost medical coverage for his wife and baby, he lost his regular income and pension, and he struggled to replace the wages and self-respect he earned in his railroad job. Metro North's Workforce Diversity Office completed its investigation of the supervisor, and concluded the supervisor was guilty and deserving of severe discipline. But what happened? His managers refused to accept Metro North's own ruling, and watered down the discipline so it was meaningless.

Several weeks later, the worker put a bullet in his head. A life destroyed, a productive career lost, a family devastated, a baby girl who will never know the love of her father. And all because the Railroad's managers reflexively protect their abusive supervisors.

Of course, when sued for wrongful death and FMLA violations Metro North tried to wriggle out from its liability, but the federal judge has refused to let the Railroad off the hook. Metro North now will have to face a jury, who will decide under the Federal Employers' Liability Act (FELA) whether the Railroad's conduct played any part at all in causing the worker's death. Let us all pray that, for the sake of his widow and baby girl, justice will prevail.

Why Railroad Managers Retaliate

Here's an open secret: retaliation is the hallmark of an insecure manager who has no clue how to lead workers and who knows in his heart he is not qualified to be in a position of power.

Insecure rail managers perceive reports of safety concerns or injuries as a personal affront to their authority and react by striking back against the employee. Enlightened managers welcome reports of safety problems as an opportunity to improve conditions and take steps to avoid future injuries. Their response is: "Thank you for bringing that to my attention, we will look into it right away and make the necessary corrections to ensure something like that never happens again." But instead of treating a safety or injury report as an opportunity to correct an underlying problem, insecure managers "shoot the messenger" by automatically retaliating against the employee.

The problem is, reporting safety concerns and injuries are now "protected activities" under the Federal Rail Safety Act and cannot be subject to any adverse consequences such as discipline or discrimination. And any such retaliation against employees who report injuries or safety concerns is illegal under the FRSA and will result in punitive damages awards.

So here's how railroads can innoculate themselves against expensive FRSA retaliation claims: treat employee injuries and safety complaints as neutral events. That means changing your management culture so that safety complaints and injury reports are viewed as neutral events that do not provoke adverse consequences.

A corollary of this means changing the financial incentives for railroad managers. The Federal Rail Administration has noted that the annual compensation of managers is affected by the number of injuries reported by employees under their supervision.  Is it any wonder then that rail managers react to the report of an injury as if the employee is taking money out of the manager's pocket? Is it any surprise managers find ways to discourage and chill the reporting of injurires? Instead, why not base the financial compensation of rail managers on how they correct the underlying problems that lead to an injury? So that instead of focusing on disciplining the injured employee, managers focus on eliminating the risk of future injuries?

So that's the secret that will put attorneys like me out of the FRSA enforcement business.  See, e.g., $300,000 in punitives against Metro North Railroad.  All it takes is a change in the culture of rail management from one of retaliation to one of risk remediation. Railroads can do it the easy way (voluntarily) or the hard way (getting hammered by FRSA damages), but one way or the other, the culture of rail management will change. And for that, we can thank the FRSA.